This paper proposes a very simple way to estimate the Gini coefficient, particularly when the data are divided into K open-ended income intervals without information about the interval mean incomes: The measure proposed is based upon the assumption that income is distributed according to the log-logistic distribution. This assumption can be readily checked using a simple plotting procedure and the Gini can then be estimated by applying OLS to the plot. The model is shown to work very well for two very different sets of data from the UK and Iran. The log-logistic has the following important implication in the present context. Any income level (y) divides the population into two parts. The ratio of the population with income less than or equal to y to those with income more than y is a log-linear function of the y .The slope of the line can be interpreted as an equality index and the inverse of the slope is the well-known Gini coefficient. This can be compared with the Pareto Law of income distribution, which states that the proportion of people' with income greater than y will be a linear function of y on double log scale. However, whereas the Pareto Law applies merely to the upper-tail segment of the income distribution, the log-logistic constitutes a model, which pertains to the complete range of incomes.

The problems of budgeting in Iran are more than one of the government policies, because of traditional processes in preparation, adoption and implementation of budgets. The purpose of this paper is to provide a model for the distribution and optimization of credit allocation of provincial capital assets between the provinces. For this purpose, game theory methods are used to calculate the cost and distribution of funds. The scope of this research is dedicated solely to the Management and Planning Organization of Iran. But the Management and Planning Organization of the provinces can use the results of the study to distribute budgets in a province's counties. It is also possible to extend this research by applying the required changes to other organizations and companies that question the issue of the distribution of funds.

The present study aims to predict the potential geographic distribution and future expansion of invasive alien lionfish (Pterois miles) with ecological niche modelling along the Mediterranean Sea. The primary data consisted of occurrence points of P. miles in the Mediterranean and marine climatic data layers were collected from global databases. All the used models run 100% success predictions, and true skill statistics and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values ranged from 0. 42 and 0. 71 to 0. 86 and 0. 95 for current distribution modelling; and 0. 0 and 0. 0 to 0. 83 and 0. 94 for the future distribution modelling, respectively. The mean sea surface temperature and maximum bathymetry played an important role in the prediction of the model and explained relatively higher biological importance to the extension and adaptation of P. miles with extreme environmental factors. The predicted suitable habitats of P. miles under the current climate dominantly occurred in the east parts of coastal areas of the Mediterranean. The predicted future suitable habitats of P. miles revealed that P. miles increase its range of distribution dominantly to the central and west part of the Mediterranean in a spatial extent, indicating high suitability of these areas for its future distribution.

The aim of this study was modelling the spatial distribution of Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss. based on ecological characteristics, in order to predict potential habitats for conservation of a rare plant. Knowledge of the spatial distributions of rare and threatened species and the underlying ecological factors plays an important role in regional conservation assessments and development planning. One potential means to complement the insufficient information concerning the distribution and site suitability of rare species is provided by species distribution modeling. Lilium ledebourii (Liliaceae), locally named “Susan-e-Chelcheragh” is an endemic and rare species growing on the highlands of Damash region in Gilan Province of Iran. The habitat of this species is under IUCN protection, Category III (Natural Monument) by the Iranian Department of Environment since 1976. The development of the distribution model required the integration of geographical information system (GIS), spatial, logical, analytical and statistical tools. First, we selected and studied the main resource variables such as elevation, geographical aspect, slope, soil and vegetation cover in L. ledebourii site including: Damash, Dorfak and Khanghah (Ardebil Province) by field investigations and literature. Topographical data in geographical information system (GIS) was analyzed and land-form characteristics were provided. Results were analyzed (statistical & logical) and effective factors on spatial distribution of L. ledebourii were introduced. Results were classified into two models including: conceptual model and quantitative-weighted model. Weighting in quantitative-weighted model performed based on Analytical Hierarchy Process compares the performance of two models indicating that the quantitative-weighted model was more accurate and effective than the conceptual model.

While many studies have confirmed the effect of particle size distribution on the residence time in a reactor, the most employed models of continuous tank leaching process consider the residence time and particle size distributions as independent variables. In minerals processing field, no systematic study has been conducted on this issue yet. In this research, the relationship between the particles size and their residence time in a mixing tank has been studied. An empirical method for the determination of the residence time distribution function based on the inflow particles size distribution has been proposed. The relationship between the average size of one size fraction of particles and its residence time was obtained by mean residence time and parameter (an empirical coefficient). Results showed that increasing the particle sizes resulted in a 50% increase in the mean residence time while decreased from 0. 95 to 0. 3. Using the evaluated values of the residence time distribution function of the inflow stream was determined. Including this function in the segregated flow model, the effect of the variations of the value on the leaching performance was evaluated. Results showed that smaller values of resulted in higher conversion value.

An exact 2D analytical method for magnetic field and electromagnetic torque calculation in high speed spoke type interior permanent magnet Machines considering slotting effects, magnetization orientation and winding layout has been proposed in this paper. The analytical method is based on the resolution of Laplace and Poisson equations as well as Maxwell equation in polar coordinate by using sub-domain method and applying hyperbolic functions. The proposed method is applied on the performance computation of a prototype spoke type permanent magnet machine, i. e., a 3-phase 18S-8P motor. The analytical results are validated through FEA method and experimental tests.

Background and Aim: When using improper recording materials during the fabrication of dentures, the whole process could be compromised in spite of the precision administered during the rest of the procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the flow of Pars Wax, Azardent, Crystal and Asia Wax with the Dental Modelling Wax Detry (Manufactured in Dentsply) according to standard indices of ADA, specification no. 24.Materials and Methods: All flow tests were conducted in accordance with the corresponding ADA specifications. Two samples of each wax (10 mm wide x 6 mm heigh) were prepared. A force of 19.6N (2kg) was applied on each specimen at three different temperatures: 23, 37 and 45°C. The geometric changes were accurately measured with a micrometer and compared to those obtained prior to the tests. The ratios of the dimensions after force application to the initial dimensions were determined. Based on these ratios, wax flows were compared to standard indices. Results: The amount of flow at 23°C and 45°C, obtained for all studied waxes was in accordance with the corresponding standard values, proposed by ADA. However, at 37°C the flow of none of the studied waxes was in the range of the ADA standards.Conclusion: Considering that the tested waxes demonstrated conflicting results at different temperatures when compared with the standard values, further investigation using different batch numbers is suggested.

One of the obvious reasons for most disorders in network service provisioning is network path congestion. Congestion avoidance in today's networks is too costly and sometimes impossible. With the introduction of SDN, centralizing the equipment's control plane has become possible. This paper presents an enhanced method named ESV-DBRA to avoid congestion in multi-tenant SDN networks. At first, ESV-DBRA monitors the traffic load and delay of all network paths for each tenant individually. Then, by merging the parameters obtained from the monitoring, the Service Level Agreements (SLA), and a novel proposed cost function, it calculates the cost of the network paths per tenant. As a result, traffic for each tenant is routed through the path/paths at the lowest possible cost from the tenant's perspective. Next, the bandwidth quotas will be calculated and assigned to the tenants over their optimal routes. Afterward, whenever congestion is likely to occur in a path, ESV-DBRA automatically changes the route or bandwidth of the tenants' traffic related to this path to avoid congestion. Related algorithms are also proposed.Eventually, simulations show that the proposed method effectively increases bandwidth utilization by 10.76%.